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Incremental
Ecological Wastewater Treatment: |
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Table of Contents Ecological
Wastewater Overview Ecological
Treatment in Cantarrana
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Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems Alaerets, G. J., S. Veenstra, M. Bentvelsen, and L. A. van Duijl. (1993). Feasibility of anaerobic sewage treatment in sanitation strategies in developing countries. Water Science Technology, 27, 179-186. Bake, R. (Aug 1999). Personal interview. Brix, Hans. (1999). How "green" are aquaculture, constructed wetlands, and conventional wastewater treatment systems? Water Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 3: 45-50. Brix’s work is a proposal for how one can apply the life-cycle assessment (LCA) to measure the relative sustainability of aquaculture, constructed wetlands and conventional treatment. Brix does not conduct an entire assessment, but uses energy consumption and reuse potential to demonstrate how one could conduct a full assessment. Denny, Patrick. (1997) Implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries. Water Science Technology, vol. 35, no. 5: 27-34. Etnier, C. and B. Guterstam. (1997). Ecological engineering for wastewater treatment, 2nd Edition. New York, CRC/Lewis. Garzón López, Camilo Eduardo. (1972). An Analysis of Wastewater Disposal Alternatives in Small Tropical Communities. UW Engineering Masters Thesis. Golueke, Clarence G. (1977). Biological Reclamation of Solid Wastes. Emmaus. PA: Rodale Press. Green, M. B., J. R. Martin, and P. Griffin. (1999). Treatment of combined sewer overflows at small wastewater treatment works by constructed reed beds. Water Science and Technology, 40: 357-364. Green et al illustrate the performance of constructed reed beds by comparing their effectiveness as storm treatment systems, wastewater systems and combined systems. This is a useful comparison of a technology’s effectiveness for three different treatment systems. Guterstam, B. (1996) Demonstrating ecological engineering for wastewater treatment in a nordic climate using aquaculture principles in a greenhouse mesocosm. Ecological Engineering, 6: 73-97. Guterstam provides a thorough discussion of the physical components, operational goals and realities of a six-year old aquaculture system in Stensund, Sweden. Studies conducted on the removal of phosphorous, nitrogen, organic matter, bacteria, metals, toxic elements and micronutrients explain the effectiveness of this system. Also discussed are costs, electrical consumption and heat recycling. Guterstam, B., L. E. Forsberg, A. Buczynska, K. Frelek, R. Pilkaityte, L. Reczek, and I. Rucevska. (1998) Stensund wastewater aquaculture: studies of key factors for its optimization. Ecological Engineering, 11: 87-100. Guterstam et al follow-up the discussion of the previous paper on Stensund’s aquaculture system. The results of the ongoing testing of the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous are published. Also included are the results of special studies such as the removal of copper by anaerobic treatment. Haberl, R. (1999). Constructed wetlands: a chance to solve wastewtaer problems in developing countries. Water Science and Technology, 40: 11-17. Haberl looks at specific economic, social and infrastructure characteristics of developing countries and analyzes alternative wastewater treatment techniques against these conditions. Haberl emphasizes the benefits of constructed wetlands as preferred systems in developing countries because of their utilization of natural processes, simple construction, operation and maintenance methods, and overall cost effectiveness. Harleman, D. R. F. and S. Murcott. (1999). The role of physical-chemical wastewater treatment in the mega-cities of the developing world. Water Science and Technology, 40: 75-80. Harleman and Murcott assess the overall benefits and limitations of traditional, centralized wastewater systems and alternative ecological systems in developing countries in terms of cost, operation/maintenance efficiency and overall effectiveness. This paper focuses on case studies from Mexico City, Southern California, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Hayes, T. D. et al. (1987). Water hyacinth systems for water treatment. In K. R. Reddy and W. H. Smith (Eds.), Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery (pp 121 —139). Orlando: Magnolia Publishing Inc. This book is a collection of articles regarding wastewater treatment and resource recovery including discussion of global issues, technology options, case studies, process dynamics, system evaluation techniques and management strategies. Hellstrom, D. and Erik Karrman. (1997). Exergy analysis and nutrient flows of various sewerage systems. Water Science and Technology, vol. 35, no. 9:135-144. Hellstrom & Karrman offer a comparative analysis of exergy (defined as: the useful part of energy that can perform mechanical work) inputs and outputs within three wastewater treatment systems. The three systems are: (1) conventional using sludge as a fertilizer; (2) conventional framework, using sand filter beds, sludge as a fertilizer and biogas production; (3) source separation using filter beds for treating graywater only, faeces are used for biogas production and fertilizer and urine is separated for fertilizer use. Hellstrom, D., U. Jeppsson, and E. Karrman. (1999) Systems analysis of sustainable urban water management: a first approach. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ecological Engineering for Wastewater Treatment, As, Norway. This paper proposes and discusses the use of a framework for analysis and comparison of urban watewater treatment systems. Also provided is a list of general criteria that should be used in evaluating sustainable alternatives for urban wastewater treatment. Henze, M. and P. Herremoes. (1983). Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in fixed film reactors: a literature review. Water Science Technology, 15: 1-101. Hermanowicz, W. Slawomir, and Takashi Asano. (1999). Abel Wolman’s ‘The Metabolism of Cities’ revisited: a case for water recycling and reuse. Water Science and Technology, vol. 40 no. 4-5: 29-36. This article focuses on the feasibility of water reuse and reclamation in urban areas. The authors emphasize the technical, financial and social factors that must be considered when developing a water reclamation system. Iza, J., E. Colleran, J. M. Paris, and W. M. Wu. (1991) International workshop on anaerobic treatment technology for municipal and industrial wastewaters: sumary paper. Water Science Technology, 24: 1-16. Jenssen, P. D. (1996) Ecological engineering for wastewater treatment: fundamentals and examples. Environmental Research Forum, 5-6: 15-24. Jenssen’s paper provides valid arguments for different ecological wastewater solutions for treatment. The ecological systems discussed range from low to medium technology solutions. Jenssen also focuses on the potential for removing and recycling nutrients as well as the physical resource and land demands of the systems. Kadlec, R. H. and R. L. Knight. (1996). Treatment Wetlands. Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo: CRC Press. Knight, R. L. (1997) Wildlife Habitat and Public Use Benefits of Treatment Wetlands. Water Science and Technology, 35: 35-43. Knight discusses how wetlands can serve both public use and wildlife habitat. Although his plant and species lists are specific to temperate climates, his discussion of use and benefits can be applied to any system. Also pertinent to all treatment wetlands are Knight’s design considerations and discussion of potential nuisances. Laber, J. (1999). Constructed wetland system for storm water treatment. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ecological Engineering for Wastewater Treatment, As, Norway. The project discussed within this paper demonstrates two aspects of using constructed wetlands for stormwater treatment. First, Laber discusses the importance of measuring the quality and quantity of the influent to be treated. In this case, Laber was able to fix the inefficiencies of this system by upgrading the system. This was possible after a more in-depth analysis of the inlet water. Lettinga, G., A. D. Man, A. R. M. ver der Last, W. Wiegant, K. van Knippenberg, J. Frijins, J. C. L. van Buuren. (1993). Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage and wastewater. Water Science Technology, 29: 67-73. Living Machines website: <http://www.livingmachines.com/htm/home.htm>. Accessed 2/28/2000. See also Living Technologies Representative Projects. Available online: <http://www.livingtechnologies.com/projects> Accessed 5/12/2000. This website provides a good selection of descriptions and images of implemented solar aquatic systems in a for a variety of wastewater types in a range of climates and settings. Maehlum, T. (1998) Cold-climate constructed wetlands. As, Norway: Jordforsk Centre for Soil and Environmental Research. Mara, Duncan (Ed.). (1996). Low-Cost Sewerge. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Mergaert, K., B. Vanderhaegen, and W. Verstraete. (1992). Application and trends of pre-treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Science Technology, 26: 1025-1033. Otterpohl, R., A. Albold, and M. Oldenburg. (1999). Source control in urban sanitation and waste management: ten systems with reuse of resources. Water Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 5: 153-160. This paper is an excellent summary of ten eco-technical strategies for optimizing wastewater treatment ranging in cost, technology, complexity and potential for resource recycling. Otterpohl et al. also provide a brief discussion of the possible benefits and limitations of each alternative. Otterpohl, R., M. Grottker, and. J. Lange. (1997). Sustainable water and waste management in urban areas. Water Science and Technology, vol.35, no. 9: 121-133. Prein, M. (1996) Wastewater-fed aquaculture in Germany: a summary. Environmental Research Forum, 5-6: 155-160. Prein provides an overview of all past and present aquaculture systems used or in operation throughout the world. He describes the type and scale of systems as well as the operational characteristics and reasons for their termination. The summary discusses the potentials and constraints for implementation of the aquaculture system. Salati Jr., E., Eneida Salati, and E. Salati. (1999). Wetland projects developed in Brazil. Water Science Technology, vol. 40, no. 3: 19-25. Salati et al discuss the institutional barriers surrounding ecological wastewater system projects in Brazil. Analyzing a constructed wetland/soil filtration system in Brazil, this article emphasizes some of the opportunities and constraints related to implementing alternative systems. Samuelsson, T. (Aug 1999). Personal interview. Scholes, L. N. L., R. B. E Shutes, D. M. Revitt, D. Purchase, and M. Forshaw. (1999). The removal of urban pollutants by constructed wetlands during wet weather. Water Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 3: 333-340. This paper is a follow-up study from the Shutes et al study below, and a more detailed look at the removal efficiencies of wetland designs. This work measures and analyzes seasonal removal rates of heavy metals, suspended solids and BOD. Discussions focus around the influence of seasonal flows on the removal efficiencies of constructed wetlands. Shutes R. B. E., D. M. Revitt, A. S. Mungur and L. N. L. Scholes. (1997). The design of wetland systems for the treatment of urban run-off. Water Science and Technology, vol. 35, no. 5: 19-26. Shutes et al discuss the design components of two constructed wetlands for the treatment of stormwater runoff. The paper also provides some descriptions of general features such as primary treatment components, wetland substrate, marshes and ponds, and flow rate regulation techniques. The two case studies provide a discussion of the relative benefits of these individual design components. Skjelhaugen, O.J. (1999). Closed system for local reuse of blackwater and food waste, integrated with agriculture. Water Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 5:161-169. Skjelhaugen’s paper is a thorough discussion of a working rural system for recycling all the nutrients and organic matter within household food waste and wastewater. The nutrients and organic matter are treated and used as a crop fertilizer. Greywater is treated in on site in a two-step filter. Speller, S. Donald. (Jul 1997). Preliminary Baseline Aquatic-biology Survey of the Almendares River in the parque Metropolitano de La Habana. Prepared for the Parque Metropolitano de La Habana and the Canadian Urban Institute, Tarandus Associates Limited. Spencer, Robert. (Mar 1992). Lower Cost Way to Septage Treatment. Biocycle. Stensund Aquaculture Website: http://stensund.nu/aqua/. Accessed 5/25/2000. The Stensund website provides images and descriptions of the indoor aquaculture system and its components. It also includes papers based on research conducted at Stensund’s system. These studies help describe the recycling capabilities of the system as well as influent and effluent quality at different stages in the treatment. Williams, J. B., D. Zambrano, M. G. Ford, E. May, and J. E. Butler. (1999). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Columbia. Water Science and Technology: 217-233. In this work, Williams et al. disuss a modular wastewater treatment system installed for the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, designed by the University of Portsmouth, U.K. The system uses Gravel Bed Hydroponic (GBH) constructed wetland system. This article analyzes the operation and maintenance characteristics of this system. Wolverton, B. C. (1987). Artificial marshes for wastewater treatment. In K. R. Reddy and W. H. Smith (Eds.), Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery (pp.141-152). Orlando: Magnolia Publishing Inc. Ydstebo, L. (Aug 1999) Personal interview. Yu, Hanqing; Joo-Hwa Tay; and Francis Wilson. (1997). A sustainable municipal wastewater treatment process for tropical and subtropical regions in developing countries. Water Science Technology, vol. 35, no. 9: 191-198. Havana & Cuba Context Barry, Michele. (1/18/2000). Effect of the U.S. embargo and economic decline on health in Cuba. Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 132, no. 2: 152. Claudio, Luz. (May 1999). The challenge for Cuba. Environmental Health Perspectives. Coyula, Mario (translated by John F. Uggen.). (1996) The neighborhood as workshop. Latin American Perspectives, iss. 91, no. 4: 90-103. Garfield, Richard and Sarah Santana. (1997) The impact of the economic crisis and the U.S. embargo on health in Cuba. American Journal of Public Health, vol. 87, no. 1: 16. Michener, James A. and John Kings. (1989) Six Days in Havana. Austin: University of Texas Press. Segre, Roberto, Mario Coyula and Joseph L. Scarpaci. (1997). Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. United Nations Economic Commission for Land America and the Caribbean. (1990) The Water Resources of Latin American and the Caribbean — Planning, Hazards and Pollution. Santiago, Chile. Feasibility Criteria Balkema, Annelies, Stefan Weijers, Fred Lambert, and Heinz Preisig. (Jan, 2000). Multi criteria analysis for sustainable wastewater treatment. EcoEng Newspaper. <http://www.iees.ch/EcoEng001/EcoEng001_Rh1.html> Accessed 2/26/2000. Balkema et al. discuss a decisionmaking model for selecting ecological wastewater alternatives. They argue that all criteria must be considered in the decisionmaking process when comparing technologies. In developing a decisionmaking model, all criteria must be normalized and weighted. Eikum, Arild Schanke and Robert W. Seabloom, Ed. (1982) Water movement into and through soil. Proceedings of the conference, Alternative Wastewater Treatment: Low-Cost Small Systems, Research and Development held at Oslo, Norway, September 7-10, 1981. Dordrecht, Holland: D Reidel Publishing Co. Ellis, K. V. and S. L. Tang. (1991). Wastewater treatment optimization model for developing world. I: model development. Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.117, no.4. Ellis and Tang discuss the testing of a wastewater treatment optimization model that can be applied to communities in developing countries. Twenty technical and socio-economic parameters can be used. Those criteria are placed in a computerized matrix to determine relative importance of each criterion and choose an alternative appropriate to individual location. Loetscher, Thomas. (2000). A simple expert system for evaluating sanitation systems in developing countries. EcoEng Newspaper. Available online: <http://www.iees.ch/EcoEng001/EcoEng001_R3.html>. Accessed 2/26/2000. The article discusses a computer program, SANEX, that supports the suitablility assessment of sanitation systems for communities in developing countries. It uses socio-cultural, financial, and technical criteria to assess the merits of 83 sanitation systems. Mariño, Manuel and John Boland. (May 1999). An Integrated Approach to Wastewater Treatment: Deciding Where, When and How Much to Invest. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Niemczynowicz, J. (1996). Necessity of integration of urban water management with management of societies. Environmental Research Forum, 5-6: 279-284. Reed, Sherwood C., E. Joe Middlerbrooks, and Ronald W. Crites. (1988). Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment. New York, New York: McGraw Hill Inc. Reed et al write for engineers. Their book explains details of major ecological wastewater systems and selection of appropriate alternatives. Texas A & M University Sustainable Production Systems Information Effort. Available online: <http://sustainable.tamu.edu/slidesets/biosolids>. Accessed 6/1/2000. Van Haandel, Adrianus C. and Gatze Lettinga. (1994). Anaerobic Sewage Treatment: A Practical Guide for Regions with a Hot Climate. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
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Content
created by UW Urban Design and Planning 508b Studio, Spring 2000
Copyright 2000 |
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